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                    <text>Ninth Cavalry NCOs (1889)</text>
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                    <text>segregation</text>
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                    <text>military service</text>
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                    <text>Photograph taken at Fort Robinson, Nebraska, of non-commissioned officers from the United States Army's 9th Cavalry Regiment. Standing, left to right: Sergeant James Wilson, I Troop; First Sergeant David Badie, B Troop; Sergeant Thomas Shaw, K Troop; First Sergeant Nathan Fletcher, F Troop. Seated, left to right: Chief Trumpeter Stephen Taylor; Sergeant Edward McKenzie, I Troop; &lt;strong&gt;Sergeant Robert Burley, D Troop&lt;/strong&gt;; Sergeant Zekiel Sykes, B Troop.</text>
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                    <text>U.S. Army</text>
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                    <text>Scanned from page 78 of the book Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal of Honor, 1870-1898 by Frank N. Schubert (1997, Scholarly Resources Inc.). Original photograph from Special Collections, U.S. Military Academy Library.</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ninth_Cavalry_NCOs%2C_1889.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>1889</text>
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                    <text>[Buffalo Soldier, 9th Cavalry, Company D, sharpshooter collar insignia] / C. C. McBride, Crawford, Nebraska.</text>
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                    <text>United States.--Army.--Cavalry, 9th--People.</text>
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                    <text>Soldiers--American--1880-1890.</text>
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                    <text>Soldiers--American--1880-1890.</text>
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                    <text>Cabinet card photograph shows a full-length portrait of an African American soldier, standing next to chair, his hat is on the seat of the chair.</text>
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                    <text>McBride, C. C., photographer</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010645133/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Gladstone Collection of African American Photographs&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>Library of Congress</text>
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                    <text>"The Fort Ringgold Trouble" (PDF)</text>
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                    <text>Fort Ringgold (Texas)&#13;
Racism&#13;
Segregation&#13;
Military service</text>
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                    <text>Newspaper clipping from &lt;em&gt;The Brownsville Herald&lt;/em&gt; describes the results of the Starr County Grand Jury investigation into the racially motivated assault on Fort Ringgold by citizens of Rio Grande City. The jurists vindicate the citizens while laying blame to the Post Commander, Black soldiers, and lack of discipline in the US Army for the "trouble".</text>
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                <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                    <text>Newspapers.com</text>
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                    <text>&lt;em&gt;The Brownsville Herald&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                    <text>1899 Dec 22</text>
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                    <text>Eyewitness account of the "Trouble at Fort Ringgold"</text>
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                    <text>racism&#13;
segregation&#13;
Fort Ringgold (Texas)&#13;
African American</text>
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                <name>Description</name>
                <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                    <text>Newspaper clipping from &lt;em&gt;The Colored American&lt;/em&gt; (Washington, D.C.), December 9, 1899 describing the events leading up to the assault on Fort Ringgold, including an eyewitness account of events on Nov. 20.</text>
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                    <text>&lt;a href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83027091/1899-12-09/ed-1/?sp=5&amp;amp;st=pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                    <text>&lt;em&gt;The Colored American&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt; (Washington, D.C.)&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                    <text>1899 December 9</text>
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                  <text>Mapping RGV Civil Rights</text>
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                  <text>Texas--Rio Grande Valley</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Collection of items compiled for the RGV civil rights map</text>
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                  <text>1906 August 13</text>
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              <name>Coverage</name>
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                  <text>Cameron County, Texas</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
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                <text>Fort Ringgold</text>
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                <text>Civil rights</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Racial tension between residents of Rio Grande City and black soldiers of Troop D, Ninth Cavalry stationed at Fort Ringgold escalated following the October 16, 1899 shooting of two soldiers after a gambling dispute. The two injured soldiers were charged, tried, and fined for inciting the crime against them.&#13;
&#13;
Subsequently, Troop D was increasingly harrassed and violence was threatened against them on Nov. 20, 1899. Presuming an assault on the garrison that evening, Post Commander 2d Lt. E. H. Rubottom ordered extra guards and scouts as gunfire erupted between residents and soldiers. When the gunfire exchange escalated, Rubottom ordered a Gatling gun to be shot to quell the violence, resulting in one minor injury. &#13;
&#13;
Official federal and state investigations and proceedings failed to assign culpability to the citizens of Rio Grande City, and unsurprisingly, the Starr County grand jury found the soldiers acted without provocation and the US Army stated Rubottom had acted unwisely.</text>
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                <text>1899</text>
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